Abstract

The global rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and biofilm-associated infections presents a critical public health challenge, driving the search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Piper umbellatum L., a plant known for its rich secondary metabolites and traditional medicinal uses, shows promising pharmacological potential. This study screened 500 clinical samples collected from two Nigerian hospitals for MDR Proteus and Aeromonas species. Proteus species predominated in urine (59.1%), while Aeromonas was primarily isolated from hand swabs (55.6%). Biochemical profiling revealed significant biotype variability, with 43.8% and 37.5% for Proteus and Aeromonas, respectively. Biofilm analysis indicated 28% of Proteus and 37.5% of Aeromonas isolates as strong biofilm producers, particularly from urine and hand swabs. Phytochemical screening of Piper umbellatum fractions identified flavonoids, including quercetin, with root fractions showing consistent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, inhibiting ≥50% biofilm formation in MDR isolates. These findings demonstrate the potentials of P. umbellatum as a source of bioactive compounds to combat MDR infections and biofilm-associated challenges. This study underscores the urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies and advocating for integrated approaches in combining ethnopharmacological and conventional therapies.